40. Ctrics of the "lost China" actually suggested that democrats witheld aid to China because of being wormy with communists.

Chapter 37

37. new agencies that came into existence as a result of the cold war:
- National Security Council ( NSC)
- Central Intellegence Agency

- North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO)

38. The occupying American army was in charge of reconstruction. Mac Arthur had a democratization program and Japanes criminals were tried from 1946 to 1948. It was succesful because the Japanese coorperated.

39. China finally collapsed  and gave the cold war allies their worst defeat. This had a partisan effect on the US.

40. In 1949 the Soviets exploded an atomic bomb and Truman responded with ordering a hydrogen bomb. In 1952 the US exploded its first hydrogen bomb. In 1953 the Soviets exploded their first H-bomb. " That there might be no world left" was the chilling thought constrained both camps as each pursued nuclear superiority.

41.  In 1947 the Truman administration launched a loyality program. The attorney general drew a list of 90 disloyal organisations and individuals. The states became security-conscious.

42. Increasingly employees in various states demanded loyal oaths.

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Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies

- Thomas A. Edison invented the flickering movie in the 1890's

- it became popular
- " real birth" of the motion picture was in 1903 with the release of the first story, The Great Train Robbery

- spectacular among the first full- length classics was D.W: Griffith's The Birth of a Nation ( 1915) - > glorified the Ku Klux Klan and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers.

- Hollywood in southern California became movie capital of the world
- the motion picture was used extensively during WWI as anti- German propaganda
- much of the immigrants diversity was lost
- movie stars evolved, demandede larger salaries & were more known than nation's political leader
- standardization of tastes and of language hastened entry into American mainstream
- stage for working class ( political coalition would overcome ethnice differences of past)

Chapter 31

Wilson's Fourteen Potent Points:

# 13 Besides inspiring the allies, it demoralized the enemy governments by holding out alluring promises to their dissatisfied minorities.

#14  First Five of the Fourteen Points:

1. A proposoal to abolish secret treaties pleased liberals of all countries
2. Freedom of the seas appealed to the Germans, as well as to Americans who distrusted British sea power.
3. A removal of economic barriers among nations was comforting to Germany, which feared postwar venegeance.
4. Reduction of armament burdens was gratifying of taxpayers everywhere.
5. An adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and the colonizers was reassuring to the anit- imperialists.

#15 The hope of independence ( "self- determination") made the points appealing to minority groups such as the Poles who were kind of oppressed by Germany and the Austria- Hungary.

#16 The capstone point was number fourteen which forshadowed the League of Nations. Wilson thought that this scheme would guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all countries.

#17 Certain Allied leaders did not like the points because they had an eye to territorial booty. Some Republicans grumbled and mocked it should be the " fourteen commandments" of " God Allmighty Wilson"

 The Fourteen Points :
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire.  The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations.  No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another.  Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.


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Progressive Era "Acts"

8. Progressive Era Foreign Policy Acts:

Panama Canal Tolls Act, 1912:
Wilson repealed this act. It extempted American coastwise shipping from tolls and thereby provoked sharp protests from demaged Britain.


Jones Act of 1916:
With this Act Wilson got further in the anti-imperial ideals of Bryan. It granted to the Phillipines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established.

Progressive Era "Acts"

7. Progressive Era Conservation/ Land use Acts:

Desert Land Act 1877:

This was the first feeble step toward conversation, under which the federal government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the pruchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within 3 years.

 

Forest Reserve Act,1891:

This Act was more successful. It authirized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves. Under this, 46 million acres of trees were rescued and preserved from posterity.

 

Carey Act:,1894:

This Act distributed federal land to the staes on the condition that it be irrigated and settled. 

 

 

Newlands Act of 1902:

With this Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and then use theses funds for the development of irrigation porjects. 

 

 

=> The Progressives were concerned about a disappearance of the frontier. They were worried that too much civilization might not be good for the national soul. They believed to be the source of such national characeteristics as individualism and democracy.